Mike Hannay en J. Lachlan Mackenzie - Effective Writing in English

7 The order of information in the clause 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Five basic principles for clause construction 107

7.2.1 Constituent ordering and informational status 108 7.2.2 Initial constituents and paragraph development 112 7.2.3 Constituent ordering and formal properties 119

7.3 What goes wrong? 122 7.4 Non-subject constituents in initial position 128 7.5 The active and the passive 131 7.6 Non-agent subjects 133 7.7 The cleft construction 136 7.8 The pseudo-cleft construction 138 7.9 The th-wh construction 142 7.10 The presentative construction 144 7.11 The existential construction 146 7.12 Discontinuous structures 148 7.13 Object-adjunct switching 149 7.14 Review 151 8.1 Introduction: coherence and cohesion 153 8.2 Reference 155 8.3 Lexical choice 161 8.4 Tense 165 8.5 Connectives 170 8.6 Review 176 9.1 The importance of punctuation 177 9.2 Commas and the principle of semantic unity 178 9.3 How to use commas 181 9.3.1 Orientations 181

8 Textual cohesion 153

9 Punctuation 177

9.3.2 Insertions 185 9.3.3 Additions 187 9.3.4 Additions with and and but 189 9.3.5 Comma splices 191 9.3.6 Lists 192

9.4 Colons 194

9.4.1 What goes wrong? 195

9.5 Semicolons 197 9.6 Brackets and dashes 199 9.7 Punctuation and style 200 9.8 Review 202